STP & ETP

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  STP     Sewage treatment platn (residential & commercial) ETP     Effluent treatment plant (industry) COD     Chemical oxygen demand (soluble & insoluble organic compound) (2hr to 3hr) (mg/l) BOD     Biochemical oxygen demand (organic compound) (3days to 5days) (mg/l) KEY POINTS: Outlet of STP 50mg/l Biproduct of anaerobic digestion is H2S & NH3 To reduce stink smell use ozone 

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RO SYSTEM







REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS

  • RO is a form of filtration using osmosis in reverse.
  • Water passes from a more concentrated solution to a less concentrated solution.
  • To accomplish this a force or pressure must be applied.
  • RO requires 1 psi of pressure for every 100 ppm of TDS.
  • RO is used to remove dissolved solids from water but it can also improve taste, odor & colour of water.
  • RO membranes have the capability to remove particles as small as ions i.e. magnesium ions or sodium ions.
  • RO membrane will reject most compounds based largely on size.
  • Dissolved ions, such as salts, carry an electric charge and will also be rejected by membrane.

The major component present in the RO System are:

  • Spun  Filter
  • Anti-Scalant Balls
  • Pre Carbon 
  • Sediment
  • Membrane 
  • Post Carbon
  • UV chamber
  • Alkaline
  • SMPS
  • Auto Flush Timer
  • Diverter Valve
  • Low Pressure Switch
  • Solenoid Valve
  • Booster Pump
  • Flow Restrictor
  • Float Switch with Ball
  • Tank
  • Tap

How To Measure TDS

TDS in water can be measured using portable conductivity meter. The another name of this meter is TDS meter.

How  To Control The TDS Level In Water

TDs can be controlled using reserve osmosis process. but the main drawback of this process is more wastage of water i.e., reject water.

Unit Of TDS

TDS will be showcased in the term of ppm (parts per million) or mg/l (milligrams per litre)

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

As per the EPA, 500 ppm is maximum acceptable limit.

WHO (World Health Organization)

As per WHO, 300 to 600 ppm is considered as good and the level more than 1200 ppm is considered as unacceptable

BIS (Bureau Of Indian Standards)

As per the BIS, 500 ppm is maximum acceptable limit.

ICMR (Indian Council Of Medical Research)

As per the ICMR, the value between 500 ppm to 1500 ppm considered as good.

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