STP & ETP

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  STP     Sewage treatment platn (residential & commercial) ETP     Effluent treatment plant (industry) COD     Chemical oxygen demand (soluble & insoluble organic compound) (2hr to 3hr) (mg/l) BOD     Biochemical oxygen demand (organic compound) (3days to 5days) (mg/l) KEY POINTS: Outlet of STP 50mg/l Biproduct of anaerobic digestion is H2S & NH3 To reduce stink smell use ozone 
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BATTERIES

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RECHARGEABLE CELLS


                                            








HISTORY OF BATTERIES



CENTURY 

BATTERY NAME

INVENTOR

NAME

ANODE

CATHODE

ELECTROLYTE

18

Animal electricity

Luigi Galvanic

Zinc

 Copper

 Frog leg

19

Voltaic pile

Alexandro volta

 Zinc

Silver

Fabric saturated with sea water

19

Daniel cell

John F Daniel

Zinc

Silver

Copper sulphate zinc sulphate

19

Fuel cell

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-

-

-

19

Liquid electrode

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-

-

-

19

Lead acid

NiCd

 NiMH

Gaston Plate

WalmarJungar

-

         -

NiOOH

NiOOH

 -

Cd        

H absorbing alloy

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-

-

19

Leclanche cell

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Zinc

Carbon

Ammonium chloride paste
20

Alkaline accumulator

Thomas Alva Edison

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-

-
20

Lithium ion

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Aluminium

Copper

Salt of lithium


ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

  • The tendancy of a metal to lose electron is called electro chemical potential.
Li      3.04V        High tendancy to lose electron
Mg    2.37V        
Al     1.66V
Zn     0.76V
Fe     0.44V
H      0V
Hg    -0.24V
Cu    -0.34V
Ag    -1.69V
F       -2.8V        Low tendancy to lose electron

WORKING OF RECENT LITHIUM ION CELL (TESLA CELL)

IC ENGINE                                                                              INDUCTIONMOTORS

Thousands of moving parts                                               Very few moving parts
Mechanical balancing issues                                             No balancing issues
Poor speed control                                                             Good speed control
Low Acceleration                                                               High acceleration
Not self started                                                                   Self started
Low starting torque                                                            High starting torque

  • Seperate out lithium atom
  • guide the electron through external circuit
Anode             Aluminium foils        Metal oxide
Cathode          Copper foils               Graphite
Electrolyte      Salt of lithium
  • Foils acts as an current collector 
  • Electrolyte is coated on to the seperator sheet
  • Standard cell voltage = (3-4.2)V

TESLA MODULE

  • Many such cells connected series and in a parallel fashion to form a Majo's.
  • 16 such Majos's are connected series to form a battery pack in a Tesla car.
  • BMS is used to manage the temperature, state of charge, voltage protection & cell health monitoring.
  • Glycol based cooling technology is used.
  • BMS adjust the glycol flow rate to maintain optimum battery temperature.
  • Voltage protection is achieved by using cell balacing.
  • Nissan leaf has a pouch type battery with 261mm.
  • Model S has a cylindrical type battery with 65mm.
  • SEI layer is formed during the first charge of the battery.
  • 5% of lithium is used to form SEI layer.
  • Now the charge and discharge cycle will be around 3000.
  • In future the charge and discharge cycle will be around 10000 & lifetime seems to be for this type of battery is around 25 years.
  • By replacing graphite with silicon the energy density of lithium ion cells will increased by more than 5 times.

BATTERIES

  • SMF (sealed maintenance free) / VRLA (voltage regulated lead acid) batteries, 12 V, 7.2-200 Ah
  • Tubular batteries / Lead Acid, 12 V, 100-200 Ah

Battery charging current should be 10% of its battery AH rating.

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